Food and beverage manager Essay

1.1Describe with examples, some of the characteristics of food production and food beverage service systems that is in use within the hospitality industry. The centralised Production System is the modern methods used in bringing together production and beverage activities in the hotel industry. Food that is centrally produced is easier to distribute to the point of service than for it to be produced in batches or separately. Centralised production system may be transported in a ready to serve state made e.g. hot or cold if it needs some form of regenerator for chilled or frozen food. The advantages of centralised production include, lower food cost and supply cost are lower In centralised production methods you need to employ a few staffs in the kitchen. The kitchen can also be operated in a cheaper location. The disadvantage of the centralised production methods is if there is a case of food poison the effect will be more spread and can cost loss of business, these can affect the finances of the hotel. When food and beverage come in by centralised system, they were then distributed into different departments. Main Restaurant A coffee shop Chinese food shop Fine restaurant Is the Traditional Parties’ production system, this is a table service. Table service, where cook or chill are served Table service, for Tradition Parties production. Table service (British table service or French. Also Traditional Parties’ production. Bars: are for drinks only 1.2For the systems discussed in 1.1, discuss factors that can affect recipes and menus. These are factors affecting receipts and menus. Guest religion and health, has remained a very important issues, religion of the guest and health restrictions Some people have allergy to e.g. crabs meat, protein, and fibre/vegetable, these can affect receipts and menu in the hotel. Financial resources, restaurant and guests types & cost: types of restaurant, Guest, spending power, age Group, labour cost. Chinese food is only prepared by Chinese people these can also affect the receipts and menu, Time factor, if the food is not serve at the right time the food may be too cold or if care is not taken the food may not be ready in time for serving. Pricing of food: because of the market is not stable for price; the pricing of the food may change, and can affect the receipt and the menu, by buying a alternative price or brand. 1.3For the systems discussed above, compare the cost and staffing implications. Outlet COST OF FOOD STAFF Main restaurant The cost is moderate and affordable Many staffs are required, can be service from office or home A coffee Shop The cost is affordable and low price Few staffs are needed a serve customer. Speciality restaurant serving Chinese food. The price is low and affordable by class. Few staff is needed, and can be operated by member of the family. Fine dining restaurant The price is high and can some be for special occasion e.g. anniversary, birthday, or business meetings. Few staff are required e.g. silver service, wine steward. Bar There are high class bars that are very expensive or common bar for everybody. Few staff are needed to operate. 1.4A justification with examples regarding the suitability of systems for different types of food and beverage outlets. For coffee shop is non-alcohol beverage services The fine dining restaurant sales food and beverage is based on good quality at the high prices In the bar >selling different types of drinks or beverage Chinese serving food is about culture food, which is served by the Chinese 2.1Taking in to account, the various needs for financial statements, discuss the use of financial statements in food and beverage operations. Financial statement or financial operations; these outline the finance of the revenue and expenses over a period of time. Which gives the production budget, the units that have been produce to the sales of the company, the production budgets also estimates the cost involved in material and labour. Operating budget: these gives the estimate of the income expenses based on sales, manufacturing costs, labour etc. Cash flow Statements: Is receipt from the business these help the business, when income will be enough to cover expenses or when the organisation needs help. It helps in taking loans from the bank and repayment. Balance Sheet; is statement of the total assets of what the company own or owe. Income statement: A finance statement that shows earnings report, operating statement, profit and loss. 2.2 To demonstrate the use of cost and pricing processes. To be able to demonstrate the assess cost and pricing will need the following methods, the purchase price per item, we then divide the food into different packs, for example if chicken are brought for  £10 per pack and the meal are going for  £15 per plate as a meal. It may sense to add the extra with the meal e.g. the rice or chips. List of the purchasing methods: Central purchasing is used by chains organization. This enable the hotel to buy their food stock in one location, all the services need will be in on site and contain the buying power and be able to negotiate the price at reasonable cost. The disadvantage; are that the individual outlets can’t complain regarding the suppliers, if one is receiving better offer than the other, These may affect the quality of the food, if too far from the site. Total supply: This method is new, these allowed the hotel to buy from one supply, these cut the papers work, the administrative work and can be expensive. 2.3 Implement effective purchasing process of the five Star Hotel Food and beverage managers we can attend industrial events and trades show in order to get new innovation ideas and learn above new products. We can communicate with functional departments regarding pricing trends products variations and inventory when available. Food and beverage manager provide effective and strategic re port to corporate the hotel catering office supplies on inventory and costing performance and recommendations. We also go to menu and catering seminal to identify new inventory that are in demands, including schedules and procurement needs.

Poverty in Botswana Essay

Poverty is defined either in relative or absolute terms. According to Datta, 1995: 99, relative poverty is the deprivation in comparison to the living standards of other people who are the majority. On the other hand, absolute poverty refers to lack of minimum resources to maintain a minimum standard of living. The statistical measures used by the governments conceal so much about poverty, its extent, victims, and even the distribution. This is because mostly it is seen in economic terms such as Gross National Product or the per capita income which has been employed as the real indicator of social welfare. However it has been noticed that this method of measurement is concealing a great deal of information on poverty e. g. the internal variation in the progress in economic development by different groups in the population. Since Botswana achieved self governance in the 1966, it has experienced rapid economic growth; poverty in the rural areas has persisted over these years. There has also been brisk development to show in terms of infrastructure, education and health development. Botswana just like any other African country is still considered a third world country hence the endemic poverty has not escaped this southern African state considered to be having huge economic growth annually. Even though significant progress has been made in the last two decades in terms of economic growth, i. e. per capita gross domestic product increasing from 1,600 dollars in 1980 to nearly 10, 000 dollars today, most analysts argue that there is slim chances of the country halving the number of people living on less than a dollar a day by 2015. According to the household survey done in the country in 2002/2003 the unemployment rate was 23. 8 percent. It also indicated that income inequality in Botswana also increased between 1987 and 2003 hence analyst argue that poverty is not only quite widespread but also deeply rooted because it has persisted despite growth. However according to the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), 47% of the populations live below the poverty line, that is, they live on less than one dollar a day. Further half of female headed households live on less than one dollar a day (Challenges 2006-7: Poverty in Botswana persists despite growth). This UNDP survey also indicate that the poorest 20% of the population get a merely 4% of the national income while the 20% richest share a whooping 60 percent of the total national income. According to McFarlan M in his paper;’ The Micro economic impact of HIV/AIDS in Botswana’, this statistics shows the high level of inequality in Botswana. That the urban- rural divide intensifies the already rampant inequality. The further statistics shows that four out of five members of a household still depend on the income from a family member in urban and that about one-fifth of rural households do not have any income source that could be recorded (MacFarlan M et al 2001) Women education Poverty does not necessarily refer to lack of possessions or income, experts argue that it also refer to lack of skills, knowledge, understanding and empowerment. It also refers to as a household’s financial inability to meet its basic nutritional, education and shelter needs (UNICEF, 1993: 77). Poverty hence tend to be more severe in particular groups in a society like low income groups, female- headed households, rural communities who cannot access social amenities like schools. Poverty, women and lack of education has been reported in many parts of the world, both in developed and developing countries. These uneducated female household heads are relatively younger and poorer. With lack of information and having high dependency burden, the circle of poverty continues. Poverty in Botswana has remained mainly a rural phenomenon whose bulk population are women. The female headed households are highly affected. This trend has been a cycle where female- headed house holds whose offspring are female end up heading their own households with inherited poverty. Botswana’s rural women lack access to economic opportunities and resources. Women also have no access to opportunities in economic resource exploitations. They lack access to agricultural land and other resources like technology, employment and credit. Whenever a poverty alleviation program fails in the village, it is women who feel the pinch because they form the bulk of those who depend wholly in agriculture.

Motorcycle Diaries Character Growth Essay

â€Å"The enormity of our endeavor escaped us in those moments; all we could see was the dust on the road ahead and ourselves on the bike, devouring kilometers in our flight northward. †-pg. 33 â€Å"The Motorcycle Diaries† is a story of a motorcycle trip made by 23-year-old medical student Che Guevera and 29-year-old biochemist Alberto Granado across the South American continent. Along the way, Che is exposed to extreme events of poverty, vulnerability, and overall suffering. Originally, Che’s only goal in life was to become a famous doctor who would help fight off the leper disease invading South America. During the course of the journey, however, Che transforms from an innocent, simple-minded young man to a knowledgeable traveler, and finally to a powerful revolutionary that has his sights set much, much higher. Here are the events that helped to trigger this transformation in Ernesto Che Guevera. At the beginning of the journey, the only thing Che can focus on is the thought of becoming a doctor. â€Å"In the shade of the immense trees, we made plans to build a laboratory in this place, when we finished with our trip. Keep in mind, that at this point in the journey, he wasn’t even close to crossing the border of Argentina, let alone his final destination. This is the simple-mindedness of young Che Guevera coming out. He is constantly thinking about the final result, and by doing so, he isn’t able to fully appreciate what is going on around him. At this time, Che is only thinking of himself. But as he continues on his way, a few distinct events help begin to transform Che into the revolutionary that he is today. As Che progresses further to his destination, he begins to title himself as a leprosy doctor. As he stop sin towns along the way, he begins to provide medical assistance to those in need. At this time, it was mostly to practice for when he was to become famous later in life. But one town he stopped in began to change his whole perspective on what â€Å"helping people† was. â€Å"Soon the whole family was gathered around the article. And so, like this, basking in their admiration, we said goodbye to those people we remember nothing about, not even their names. †-pg. 59. He is basically saying that once he did what he needed to do, that was that. There were of people suffering in South America at the time. And he had helped only a few people. This event started to make Che think on a bigger scale, and gave him a little push in the direction of really making a difference in the lives of ALL those suffering people. As he reaches the end of his journey, Che has reached the final step of his transformation. Che has finally arrived at the leper colony, the much-anticipated end to his amazing journey. But Che has experienced things along the way that have changed his way of thinking. He doesn’t want the journey to end right here. He has figured out the way to truly make a difference in the lives of the South American people. Here is a quote that demonstrates what he has learned and how much he has transformed. â€Å"We must begin to erase our old concepts and come ever closer and ever more critically to the people. Not in the way we got closer before. Everybody has done that. But they have done it practicing charity, and what we have to practice today is solidarity. We should not draw closer to the people and say: Here we are. We come to give you the charity of our presence, to teach you with our science, to demonstrate your errors, your lack of refinement and knowledge. We need to go humbly to learn from the great source of wisdom that is the people. †-pg. 173 Che Guevera has gone from a narrow-minded individual to someone who is capable of caring for an entire population. He has grown into someone who can see through they eyes of the people who are suffering. He can see where things need to be improved. Che Guevera became the person he wanted to be at the beginning of the journey-a difference maker. But he has done so in a much different and more effective way. This is how Che Guevara grew over the course of the Motorcycle Diaries.

Global inequality and develpment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Global inequality and develpment - Essay Example Obviously, there have been others such as Simmel and Durkheim. For Marx and Weber, although in quite distinct approaches, it is capitalism which is ‘the most fateful force’ (Pellicani 1994, 25) influencing modernity. For neither of them is this suggestion factual in terms of economic determinism: ‘it is not that capitalism as a form of economy causes modernity to be as it is’ (ibid, p. 25). However, for Marx and Weber the invasion of the global economy by capitalism is a critical agency of modernisation. Instead, each interprets capitalism, as what Marx refers to as a ‘mode of life’ (Sayer 1991, 7). The explicitly mentioned issue of the empirical studies of Marx and Weber is capitalism, but the purpose for its analysis was the issue of humanity’s fate in the modern world, whose challenging characteristic is typified by the concept of ‘capitalism’. ... nt objective of the ‘Communist Manifesto’ is politics and practicality whilst the objective of Weber’s works in the sociology of religion is history and theory (Apter 1965, 62). However this does not rule out the possibility that the initial and core inspiration for both Marx’s ‘Manifesto’ and Weber’s ‘historical research’ (Turner 1993, 18) may, however, have been the sole and reflective question regarding our modern mode of humanity. Similarities might afterwards be drawn, for instance, between the confrontational analysis of the ‘bourgeois’ in the ‘Manifesto’ and the equally crucial critique in the earliest of Weber’s works in the sociology of religion, where in a similar ‘bourgeois’ humanity is somewhat distinctly assessed. Both analyses engage our own selves in our historical context. If this premise of comparison is objective but fundamental to the content of their theories, in that case, this sole question should surface repeatedly in the thematically distinct theories of Weber and Marx. It is then relevant to discuss Marx’s and Weber’s ideas of global inequality and development. The Development of Underdevelopment The implication of the relationship of development and underdevelopment has two core principles; however, this essay will only discuss the first and most contentious of these principles as it is the one that greatly relates to Marx’s and Weber’s conception of the global economy. This first principle is best summarised in Frank’s idea of the ‘development of underdevelopment’ (Veltmeyer 1980, 213). ... the metropolis expropriates economic surplus from its satellites and appropriates it for its own economic development. The satellites remain underdeveloped for lack of access to their own surplus and as a

The Reality of work cultures in the modern economy Essay

The Reality of work cultures in the modern economy - Essay Example However, it also has challenges hence one needs to carry out due diligence to overcome them. For instance, different corporate cultures affect the realization of the benefits, and this works for employees as well as the new organization. This paper will discuss the case of Rosenfeld and its acquisition of Cadbury. It will examine the traditional values of Cadbury and the ways they are different with Kraft. Cadbury was one of the largest and known companies producing chocolate and other creamy products in the UK. The company employed many workforces on permanent and contract in order to deliver services to the large consumer base (Rigby 2010 c). The company also outlined the values in which it related and expected its employees to adhere, and it was important in achieving competitive advantage. However, the company and its employees lost all these values upon its acquisition by Kraft (Marino 2010). It was a loss to the employees as their benefits and the work culture they enjoyed could no longer be guaranteed. One of the traditional values of Cadbury was adequate compensation for work done (Cadbury 2010). Employees were paid for their work without any problem, and this helped in boosting their morale when working. The payment for every worker based on the output and was assured of pay when time reached. This value was important to the traditional company only to be changed by Kraft since it could no longer pay the workforce leading to job loss (Eaglesham 2010). Secondly, Cadbury recognized the value of job security as all employees were guaranteed a job (Scott 2009 b). The company achieved this by opening many distribution and manufacturing centers across with hopes of employing many people and making them secure their jobs. Job security has proved to be an important factor and a motivator of employees’ performances (Beaudin 2010). However, Kraft does not share this value since they do not guarantee their employees permanent employment,

How to improve police image in Luassane, Switzerland Research Paper

How to improve police image in Luassane, Switzerland - Research Paper Example There is a need to find out the actual cause and the most appropriate solution. The current image of the police force in Lausanne The police in Lausanne are struggling with an image problem. The head of the police department resigned citing criticism over policing in the Vaud capital. This has caused the police department to be in a state of confusion. The police chief challenged anyone capable of leading the police department to come forth and take charge. This exposes the desperation the police leadership in Lausanne. The police leadership tends to lack a strong sense of direction. This trickles down the police ranks in the police department, (Chan, 1997). The police policies are non functional. The youths over drink openly and women can walk for long alone due to insecurity concerns. Police leadership makes decrees which are not part of the police policy. The police are perceived to be soft on crime. The people of the city are increasingly becoming insecure. This is because the po lice are ineffective. For instance, the streets became a battlefield following a dispute between hockey team fans in Lausanne and Fribourg. This led to arrests and fights. The police were clearly unable to handle the situation in the city. The police leadership does not take the responsibility when such events occur. The police department needs an urgent rebranding in order to win the public confidence. The police have lacked morale and are not motivated, (Cameron, 2004). Drug peddling is rampant in Lausanne city. The police are not able to deal with the drug menace effectively. However, the police department keeps making empty promises on dealing with illegal drug trade and smuggling, (Skogan, 2004). The ideal image. The police should have a credible and organized leadership in Lausanne. The leadership of the police force should come up with practical and effective policies. The police should make every part of the city accessible by making sure that there is adequate security in a nd around Lausanne. This shall make sure children can freely play in La Broutte Park. The police should stop all the drug peddling networks. This shall help the youth become more responsible in their conduct. All bars in Lausanne should open and close in the legally stipulated time, (Kratcoski, 2007). The police should enforce proper management of bars. This shall ensure responsible drinking from the youths. The police department should demonstrate zeal and diligence in the job. Furthermore, the police should be extremely firm on dealing with crime in the city. Criminal should be arrested and prosecuted. Moreover, the police should always ensure there is order in Lausanne even in the event of games or other significant activities. The aim is to avoid arresting the innocent and enhance community policing. In case of any concern, the police should respond with clear statements to avoid ambiguity. The police spokes person should perform his or her job professionally. The police should come up with a policy that minimizes tension between the force and the members of the public. Methodology Questionnaires The research included giving 20 questionnaires to Lausanne residents. This was done at random. Interviews Structured interviews were conducted to the members of the public who were willing to participate. 10 interviews were conducted with regard to the same. Integrity of the research All respondents were assured that the information they gave would be treated with confidence. They also participated with informed consent

The Effect of Death on Nursing Profession Assignment

The Effect of Death on Nursing Profession - Assignment Example This paper tells that it is one thing to see other people die, and it hurts, but it isn’t somebody you are really close to. When my father died it set off all sorts of emotions, and they pretty much controlled me for a while. But once I began to understand that my father was better off and in a better place, I began to see my life turn around. I have a new instilled hope in everything I did, and I knew I wanted to go back to work. Cope? I guess you could use cope. For a time that was really all, I was doing. Coping however is not the most healthy thing in the world. Eventually, you overcome that and grieve. And grieving, that came out mostly through music. Of course, there were a lot of late nights in there as well. *Laughs*  It just felt right. When I was making the album the entirety of everything I have seen and done all came together. My father's death has a huge impact, and in some way each death I had seen as well. It just felt like the right thing to do.  That's a t ough one. I could never see myself leaving nursing, but at the same time, If I could share my message and music to people all over and they enjoyed it, it would be hard to turn that down as well. I guess we will just have to see what happens and go from there. Maybe I could be a nurse musician. The most important thing to know when dealing with death is that it doesn’t have to be this crazy end of your lifetime. A lot of people downward spiral, and I did as well. It doesn’t have to be that. There is this surreal quality to death that most people miss. Is it sad? Yes. Do I wish it didn’t happen? Of course. But you have to accept it and enjoy life and not let death ruin what life you have left.

Explain Aristotle's Notion of Substance Research Paper

Explain Aristotle's Notion of Substance - Research Paper Example It will be argued along with Leszl's claim that substance is more than just a category for logic, and that it is really an argument for the nature of being. There is no separating logic from ontology in Aristotle when it comes to substance and it with regard to ontology, substance is that which is constant set against everything else which changes. The context in which "first substance" emerges, concerns the "combination of words, expressions and phrases." (Categories, 1a16). Aristotle first divides these kategoriai of words, expressions and phrases by distinguishing how some predicates are are "present" in a subject, while others are "parts within a whole" (Categories, 1a20), which is marked by a difference between something "which cannot exist apart from the subject referred to", such as an attribute like "whiteness" (Categories, 1a24-1b2), and something which can be attributed but which is not found phenomenally "in a subject", such as predicating the species "man" to an individua l man, as a subject. Aristotle adds that there may also be predicates which can be asserted of a subject, and yet which are neither present physically, or related in a genus-individual relation. These kategoriai he raises as particular or individual expressions with a direct object, or direct reference: "this or that man or horse, for example" (Categories, 1b4), which is a form of predication related to both substance, and the mind, and will be outlined in more detail in the section dealing with De Anima. At this point in the Categories, Aristotle is explicit about this instance of substance as being "primary" (Categories, 1b11-13), and it is therefore a topic which is not a question for the agenda at hand, which are the rules of "combination of words, expressions and phrases"-- or, "secondary substance" (Categories, 1b14). He proceeds at this point to establish further specifications for the rules of predication, such as predicate of a subject, is also a predicate of a substance(Ca tegories, 1b9-15, 1b21-25), and how some predicates may help to differentiate genus's, but not species (Categories, 1b16-20), and finally how "each uncombined word or expression" will be determined by a particular form of possible predicate. Having covered the possible predicates in terms of their forms, relation via genus, species, and how whether the predicate is necessarily "present" in a subject or not, he addresses the criteria itself which determines all of these possible combination's and types of combination's, which is the first important step into substance-- a step which more clearly divides primary from secondary substances, and a division which can be characterized as a division between substance (primary) and subject (secondary). Aristotle gives the simple example that "`Footed', `two-footed' and `winged'" are attributes which are true of genus, but which do not allow for the distinction of a particular species, given that many species possess these attributes.(Categor ies, 1b16-20). Primary substance is more a topic proper to the Physics and Metaphysics, given that actual being and actual beings are the focus, not, as in the Categories with how these beings can be "expressed". As we shall see, the Metaphysics addresses

Sacred Rite - Roman Catholic Christian Sacramental Worship Research Paper

Sacred Rite - Roman Catholic Christian Sacramental Worship - Research Paper Example This paper will discuss the sacred rites around the Catholic Christian worship. Catholic catechism helps it followers understand the deep mysteries of the Church. It purports to be the only church left by Jesus Christ, and they state this in the creed the decreed the church as one, holy, Catholic and apostolic. To Catholics, a sacrament is a sacred procedure through which God uses to express his grace to humankind. In addition, sacraments depict Gods presence. Before Jesus Christ left earth, Catholics believe he celebrated seven sacraments, which they hold dear in their faith. These include baptism, confirmation Eucharist, penance, anointing of the sick, matrimony, and religious orders. Eucharist is a vital sacrament that holds most of the Catholic faith. They believe that it completes a new believer’s initiation to the church. It is the only sacrament that is celebrated daily as Catholic faithful congregate for their prayers that they call â€Å"mass.† Eucharistic sacrifice includes prayers, reading parts of the bible, singing of hymns, and priests present. The wheat and wine in some peculiar glasses are lifted to God, and the priest chants some words to invite God to do the transformation. After these prayers, Christians partake of the bread as the body of Jesus and wine as the blood of Jesus. In this, they celebrate his death and resurrection on the cross, which they believe to have washed their original sin caused by Adam and Eve. Not all Catholic Christians participate in the Eucharist in a celebration. Eucharist is sacred and therefore, Christians living in sin will not partake of it. Such Christians include married couples who did not have their union blessed in church and people who have not gone for atonement for some time and thus have accumulated sins. In the Catholic faith, ordination to the priesthood is a sacrament on its own. Every Christian has the right to choose to marry or spend a celibate life.  

Case Study UAE Academy Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

UAE Academy - Case Study Example The risk management process includes: Risk Management Process The risk manager of UAE Academy will align with the key stake holders to ensure that risks are actively identified, addressed, and managed throughout critical assets, networks and databases. It is better for UAE academy to address risks as early as possible in order to limit the impact of a threat afterwards. However, along with risk management, the risk manager will also implement a periodic risk management program that will address risks on continuous basis. Identifying Risk Risk identification is a joint effort, as UAE academy wants to protect the data network, email services, protection from the WWW and external sources and protection of shared storage resources. Likewise, this process will incorporate key stake holders or system owners to identify risks pertaining to their systems and applications. Moreover, a risk management log must be maintained that will be maintained electronically at a specific location. Risk An alysis This process involves the measurement and calculating the impact of identified risk based on quantitative or qualitative risk analysis. Quantitative risk analysis includes numeric values such as costs of information assets. Qualitative risk analysis is associated with organization reputation and customer satisfaction such as intangible assets i.e. university rankings of ‘UAE academy’. However, data classification scheme must be defined at this point so that effective risk analysis can be conducted. Likewise, data classification scheme is defined by application and system owners, as they have insights of their systems and applications. Risk assessment is carried out on the basis of the three fundamental triads of information security i.e. Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability. However, risk assessment comprises of four options i.e. Risk transfer, risk acceptance, risk avoidance and risk mitigation. A comprehensive risk assessment template is demonstrated bel ow in fig 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, and 1.4 respectively. Asset Valuation Scheme Scale 1 2 3 Definition Loss of C/I/A is acceptable Loss of C/I/A is acceptable. If it occurs, workaround can be arranged Loss of C/I/A is acceptable. Need preventive measures on immediate basis Figure 1.1 Risk Assessment Threat Name Affected Assets CIA Asset Value = C+I+A Likelihood of Occurrence Level of Impact Risk Exposure Counter Measures Controls Poor System Performance Virus Attacks Unauthorized Access Figure 1.2 Likelihood of Occurrence Levels 1- Very low 2- Low 3- Medium 4- High 5- Very High Figure 1.3 Impact Classification Levels Potential Business Impacts Business Operational and Financial Impact Legal and regulatory obligations Loss of Reputation Personal Information 1- Very low 2- Low 3- Medium 4- High 5- Very High Figure 1.4 Risk Calculation Formula: Risk Exposure = Asset Value x Likelihood x Impact Level Disaster Recovery Plan Description Likelihood and Impact Detection Immediate Action Later Action Effect on Users Mitigation and Contingency Single Disk Failure Medium Warning Replace failed disk Order new disks. Have existing disks destroyed. No effect Monitoring of RAID volumes. Keep replacements drives available. Unauthorized Access Low Periodic Auditing of logs along with application logs Restore modified content. Repair security breach. Determine root

Russo-Japanese War Essay Example for Free

Russo-Japanese War Essay The Russo-Japanese war took place in 1904 to 1905 and began because of both Russia and Japans desire to expand their borders into places such as Korea. During this war, Russia was humiliated and had many defeats from a country which were considered to be inferior. The defeat of this war humiliated the people of Russia and therefore lost confidence in Nicholas II. Russia’s defeat in the war also caused problems in the Military, economic and political problems. This then means that the Russo-Japanese war was partly responsible for the 1905 revolution. The Russo-Japanese war created many huge military defeats which showed the Russian people how weak the military were which therefore caused national humiliation. With the people of Russia humiliated, they began the 1905 Revolution. An example of one of the most humiliating Russian defeats during the war was the Battle of Tsushima in May of 1905. The Russians sent 35 battleships from northern Europe to Japan. As the north of Russia was frozen over, the Russian fleet was forced to go past Africa and of an 8 month journey. When the Russian fleet finally arrived, they were overwhelmed and lost 25 of their initial 35 ships. The decisions made during this period lead to the military losing loyalty in the Tsar, for example, the strikes in Odessa. All of these problems and the fact the huge empire of Russia lose to a country that many had never heard of made Russians very humiliated. However, many argue that this did not cause the outbreak of the revolution, but only adding to the opposition of the autocratic Tsar and prolonging the revolution. The Russo-Japanese war also brought great economic problems for Russia. This meant there was a huge lack of money to try to solve the other problems which Russia was faced with which makes the Russo-Japanese war partly responsible for the 1905 revolution. The price of the war was huge due to the transport issues as Russia is a huge country, and with the war resulting in failure, nothing was gained from the territories. Russia was already had a huge economic problem as they had to borrow lots of from other empires like Great Britain and France. As Russia could not invest in her economy, and that Russia was borrowing from other great powers, it also made the Russians feel humiliated. The lack of funds also means that Russia could not improve  working and living conditions in both rural and urban areas. This reduced the Russians national pride. The economic problems meant that Russia could not sort out all of the other problems that the Russians faced in this period all because of the Russo-Japanese war which means that it was a huge factor in the 1905 Revolution. There were also many political reasons why the Russo-Japanese war may have been responsible for the 1905 revolution and what many people believe to be the most important. The war was fought on the eastern side of Russia near Japan, as the Russians wanted to capture Port Arthur, and was far away from where the majority of the population lived which is why many Russians felt left out of it as the news of the Russians progress was so slow to travel which lead to a lack of interest and enthusiasm for the war. This left people out of the issue which made public opinion turn against the war as they could see little justification for it. Even more important was the fact that the Russian military had a lack of resources due to the lack of transport and were not very equipped for the war. If this was the situation in any case, it would show weakness within the leadership and make people turn away from them. This is what happened between the Russians and the Tsar as they thought that he had fa iled his army. If the Russian people were to turn away, they would have to look somewhere else. Many looked towards political groups who were prepared to take action. The political implications of the Russo-Japanese war was a major cause of the 1905 Revolution as support left the Tsar and went to political groups which many believed could take his place. However, many people believe that the Russo-Japanese was not the only cause for the outbreak of the 1905 revolution. During this period, there were many growing political groups which many believed would be better than the Tsar because of their more radical thinking. The Russians mainly supported the Populists the Social Revolutionaries, the Social Democrats and the Liberals. Throughout the years the groups were slowly providing more opposition to the Tsar and each other. The most radical, and in some ways successful, group was the Social Revolutionaries (SR). The SR was heavily against the Tsar and his regimes. They opposed by assassinating many members of the government including the Minister of the Interior, Plehve in 1904 a nd Sergei. The SR became hugely popular due to their radicalism and the fact they are getting closer to their goal than many other political groups which lead to the  public supporting them as opposed to the Tsar causing the 1905 revolution. Another big reason why the 1905 revolution was cause was Russia’s lack of Political reform and the doubts in Russia’s Tsar. As Russia lacked a ‘democratic parliament’, it was only through extreme actions that the public’s voice could be heard. The lack of a nation parliament was due to Alexander II passing the Zemstva Act and the Statute of State Security Act. The people of Russia were also against Nicholas II as a character and leader. It was believed that Nicholas Ii did not have the personal attributes necessary to help get Russia out of their various problems. He was often described as â€Å"shy and quiet†. This may be because he was in power unexpectedly after the premature death of his father. Nether the less , these problems caused the public to lose faith in both Nicholas and the policies which is a strong cause for the 1905 revolution. Finally, one of the most important causes of the 1905 revolution was the economic troubles in the rural areas of the country. It was not only the peasants but the landowners too who were in deep economic problems. Russia used to have an agricultural side to it, however, during this period, agriculture was very behind that of other countries. Nothing had been done about this under Witte’s system. As the situation was never treated, the land became infertile and famines became quite regular, the worst case of this was in 1891. There were also more in 1902 and 1905 which may have triggered the peasants for revolution. In 1861, the Emancipation of the Serfs Act set the peasants free. However, they were tied to village communities and were not allowed to leave without permission. This inflated the peasant’s anger over the next few decades. The Landowners were also in huge debt after selling their land to the government. This strained the relationship between the Tsar and the peasants as Nicholas II has no funds to help any of them. This is a huge cause for the 1905 revolution. In conclusion, the Russo-Japanese war was a huge factor for revolution in 1905 as it leads to military, political and economic problems in Russian. However, there were also many problems in Russia before the War. However, many of the problems in the Russo-Japanese happened after the revolution had started, therefore either delaying the end or worsening the current situation. In my opinion, the Russo-Japanese war made the problems already which were existent in Russia worst, such as the economic problems, leading to the 1905 revolution.

Race and Ethnicity Essay Example for Free

Race and Ethnicity Essay This course focuses on the issues, challenges, and opportunities presented by U. S. population diversity. Workplace issues related to employee diversity in terms of gender, race or ethnicity, socioeconomic class, and cultural background are emphasized. Policies Faculty and students will be held responsible for understanding and adhering to all policies contained within the following two documents: †¢ University policies: You must be logged into the student website to view this document. †¢ Instructor policies: This document is posted in the Course Materials forum. University policies are subject to change. Be sure to read the policies at the beginning of each class. Policies may be slightly different depending on the modality in which you attend class. If you have recently changed modalities, read the policies governing your current class modality. Course Materials Harvey, C. P. , Allard, M. J. (2009). Understanding and managing diversity (4th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. Schaefer, R. T. (2011). Racial and ethnic groups (12th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. All electronic materials are available on the student website. |Week One: Workplace Diversity | | |Details |Due |Points | |Objectives |Recognize the dimensions of diversity. |6/10/13 | | | |Differentiate the concept of inclusion from the concept of diversity. | | | | |Describe diversity and inclusion in the workplace. | | | |Reading |Read Ch. 1 of Racial and Ethnic Groups. | | | |Reading |Read Ch. 17 of Racial and Ethnic Groups. | | | |Reading |Read Introduction to Section I and Section I of Understanding and Managing Diversity. | | | |Participation |Participate in class discussion. |6/10/13 |2 | |Discussion Questions |Respond to weekly discussion questions. |6/10/13 |2 | |Learning Team |Create the Learning Team Charter. | | | |Instructions | | | | |Learning Team Charter | | | | |Learning Team |Review the Week One objectives and discuss insights and questions you may have. | | | |Instructions | | | | |Weekly Team Review | | | | |Individual |Apply critical-thinking skills to answer the following questions based on this week’s |6/10/13 |5 | |Thinking About Diversity|readings. The response to each question must contain 150 to 300 words. | | | |and Inclusion | | | | | |What are the dimensions of cultural diversity? Identify and briefly explain the dimensions by | | | | |referencing both textbooks. | | | | |With what ethnic, cultural, or other groups do you identify? Describe what members of your | | | | |social circle have in common. | | | | |What is the difference between diversity and inclusion? | | | | |What is the importance of workplace diversity training? | | | | |What is your experience with workplace culture? Could there be, or could there have been, more| | | | |inclusion? | | | | | | | | | |Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines. | | | |Week Two: Prejudice, Stereotypes, Discrimination, and Privilege | | |Details |Due |Points | |Objectives | |6/17/13 | | | |Explain how the concept of culture is used to construct group identity. | | | | |Analyze the social concept of race. | | | | |Describe how behavioral and thinking patterns apply to diversity issues. | | | |Reading |Read Ch. 2 of Racial and Ethnic Groups. | | | |Reading |Read Ch. 3 of Racial and Ethnic Groups. | | | |Reading |Read Ch. 5 of Racial and Ethnic Groups. | | | |Reading |Read Introduction to Section II in Section II of Understanding and Managing Diversity. | | | |Reading |Read Are African Americans Still Experiencing Racism? | | | | |in Section II of Understanding and Managing Diversity. | | | |Reading |Read Inventing Hispanics in Section II of Understanding and Managing Diversity. | | | |Reading |Read To Be Asian in America in Section II of Understanding and Managing Diversity. | | | |Reading |Review Ch. 6 of Racial and Ethnic Groups. | | | |Reading |Review Ch. 7 of Racial and Ethnic Groups. | | | |Reading |Review Ch. 8 of Racial and Ethnic Groups. | | | |Reading |Review Ch. 9 of Racial and Ethnic Groups. | | | |Reading |Review Ch. 10 of Racial and Ethnic Groups. | | | |Reading |Review Ch. 11 of Racial and Ethnic Groups. | | | |Reading |Review Ch. 12 of Racial and Ethnic Groups. | | | |Reading |Review Ch. 13 of Racial and Ethnic Groups. | | | |Reading |Review Ch. 14 of Racial and Ethnic Groups. | | | |Reading |Read this week’s Electronic Reserve Readings. | | | |Participation |Participate in class discussion. |6/17/13 |2 | |Discussion Questions |Respond to weekly discussion questions. |6/17/13 |2 | |Learning Team |Submit the Learning Team Charter. | | | |Instructions | | | | |Learning Team Charter | | | | |Learning Team |Review the Week Two objectives and discuss insights and questions you may have. | | | |Instructions | | | | |Weekly Team Review | | | | |Learning Team |Begin working on the Equal Rights Proposition Outline assignment due in Week Three. | | | |Instructions | | | | |Equal Rights Proposition| | | | |Outline | | | | |Individual Multicultural|Resources: Culturegrams database and Racial and Ethnic Groups |6/17/13 |15.

Implementing An Effective Food Safety Management System Management Essay

Implementing An Effective Food Safety Management System Management Essay Regarding to the research hypothesis, the researcher concluded that there are two main critical factors were revealed through the data analysis that not only were considered as the most important factors in implementing an effective Food Safety Management System (ISO 22000), but also proved to be the most influential factors in the optimization of the degree of the effectiveness of FSMS (ISO 22000) for implementation in Egyptian food processing company. The management responsibility with regard to enhance communication between stuff, update FSMS, motivate stuff members and allocate resources for effective FSMS implementations and planning for realization of safe products implementation such as identifying potential hazards, update and review HACCP plan and planning for meeting FSMS requirements have a major and important impact on increasing the effective implementation of FSMS (ISO 22000). Regarding to availability of uncomplicated documentation and general managerial procedures requirements beside good resources management have a good impact on effective implementation of FSMS (ISO 22000). In other words, in order for the food companies to effectively implement FSMS system they should focus their efforts to strengthen their internal documentation system, management responsibility, resources management and planning and realization of safe products for enhancing improvement and effective implementation of FSMS (ISO22000). As a final conclusion, the food safety quality management system should be reviewed, evaluated and updated regularly to improve its effectiveness. An effective planning for producing a safe food product will participate in achieving a positive progress trend in FSMS effectiveness implementation. The researcher believes that HACCP planning has a big influence on the success of the effective implementation of a food safety quality management system in any food manufacturing organization, training courses, inductions and seminars should be regularly conducted for all levels of personnel to enhance their awareness of the importance of the food quality management system. 6.2 Recommendations for Future Work It is recommended to expand the scope of study to cover other sectors in the company food chain not only food manufacturing but also suppliers, warehouses, export and end user or any other sector, to have an overall evaluation of the food safety quality management system implemented in Dreem Company. This overall evaluation will help maintain and improve the food safety quality management system to be able to cope with the future developments and strengthen the ability of Dreem Company to produce safe products and compete in both local and international markets. 6.3 Limitations However, this study suffers from some limitations, which need corrective actions to help the system to be more effective, this limitation can be summarized as follows: Concerning sample size Due to the small sample size, these results cannot be generalized to the entire Egyptian food industry. Further work must incorporate a larger sample size and many companies interested in the field of food processing. Concerning Documentation and General Requirements 1. It can be noticed that there is a lot of paper work and documents that are used in monitoring FSMS, that consider being a hindrance of the constraints the application system effectively, redesign documentation system and eliminating all non value added paper work will support implementing FSMS effectively. 2. Documentation system needed to be updated periodically according to continuous updating of FSMS and to meet system and company modern applications. 3. Additional awareness and efforts is required to inform staff member with the importance of documents in monitoring FSMS and involve staff member in establishing documents that fit with the purpose of use. 4. Hazards that might affect products and food safety needed to be more defined and addressed in different functions to generate sharp focus considering potential hazards, only production, quality control and quality assurance functions have posted and addressed visual aids clarify hazards might affect the product, hazards that might affect Food Safety should be addressed in other functions like warehouses maintenance and logistics 5. It can be noticed that there is a lake of proper systems to drive the consistent implementation of the policy, since not all staff and employees understand the company policy and strategy of the company to achieve desired levels of food safety, awareness and inductions especially to the new comers or new entry employees needed to highlight policy and strategy. Concerning Management Responsibility 1. Top management should counter about motivating employee and inspiring them, high number of the staff feeling that top management focused only on quantities rather that quality, so employees and stuff needed to be motivated by top management and to align both of focusing on quantities with focus on product quality 2. Lack of defining responsibilities and authorities inter company, researcher noticed that many employees are not aware by the authority and responsibilities of middle management staff and team leaders and how the responsibility and authority can be used effectively in effective implementation of FSMS and overcome different potential obstacles, top management should prepare appropriate job descriptions and well defined rules for different employees in FSMS applications 3. Communication between top management and staff members should be developed to know the problems and listening to their suggestions for solving and removing obstacles that impede effective implementation of FSMS 4. At the same time top management should inform staff member with modification and updates in regulatory and statutory in regular manner through meeting with function headers and food safety team members. Concerning Resources Management 1. The researcher concluded that financial and physical resources should be ad equated provided to improve the effective implementation of FSMS, facilities and materials that enhance hygiene and GMPs should be available and provided in timely manner for different areas. 2. It is noticed that a lot of number of new employers are coming from different cultures and they have not previous experience about how to handle food products, hygiene requirements, GMPs and food manufacturing instructions, continuous inductions, awareness and training should be delivered to new comer employees and current employees 3. Level of current competences for staff members should be reviewed regularly to evaluate different training needs for staff member that enhance effective implementations of FSMS. Concerning Planning and realization for safe products 1. The researcher found that PRPs must gain more attention to be an effective tool in improving FSMS applications, procedures should be established to ensure the effectiveness of PRPs implementations and allocated resources for implementing PRPs programs. 2. To improve quality control level visual aids should be addressed and posted to communicate and inform staff members with quality parameters levels. Also to provide training for labors and quality control observers with the recent modification in FSMS and updated quality control parameters for different products. 3. Evaluating and monitoring CCPs results should be announced to staff member to participate in solving and remove potential hazards that might affect the products. 4. Corrective actions should be reviewed in timely regular manner. Remove all obstacles that might hinder follow up and implementation of corrective actions that researcher found that many corrective actions still opened and needed for effective actions to close them. Concerning Improve Food Safety Management System 1. It can be noticed that there is a lake of implementing evaluation and measurement for FSMS implementations before and after improvements or corrective actions to view the progress of applications. Analysis of performance is applied but not on wide scale in FSMS 2. Researcher found that there is shortage in validation of the effectiveness of implementing FSMS during regular period of times. Many methods and applications of FSMS needed to be verificated and validated, also all assignable root causes should be removed. 3. The FSMS could be more effective if the findings for internal and external audits are gained more attention for implementations and validations. References References: Adams, C.E. (1994),  ¿Ã‚ ½ISO 9000 and HACCP systems ¿Ã‚ ½, Food and Drug Law Journal., Vol. 49, pp. 603-7. Adams, C. (2000),  ¿Ã‚ ½HACCP applications in the foodservice industry ¿Ã‚ ½, Journal of the Association of Food and Drug Officials, Vol. 94 No. 4, pp. 22-5. Al-Nakeeb, A., Williams, T., Hibberd, P. and Gronow, S. (1998),  ¿Ã‚ ½Measuring the effectiveness of quality assurance systems in the construction industry ¿Ã‚ ½, Property Management, Vol. 16 No. 4, pp. 222-8. American Society for Quality (ASQ), Food Safety- A Quality Management Systems Approach, Quarterly Quality Report, June 2007. Armistead, C.,Pritchard, J.P. and Machin, S. (1999),  ¿Ã‚ ½Strategic business process management for organisational effectiveness ¿Ã‚ ½, Long Range Planning, Vol. 32 No. 1, pp. 96-106. Bauman, H.E. (1994), The origin of the HACCP systems and subsequent evaluation, Food Science and Technology Today. Vol.8, pp,66-72. Bennet, W.L. and Steed, L.L. (1999),  ¿Ã‚ ½An integrated approach to food safety ¿Ã‚ ½, Quality Progress,February, pp. 37-42. Bertolini, M., Rizzi, A. and Bevilacqua, M. (2007),  ¿Ã‚ ½An alternative approach to HACCP system implementation ¿Ã‚ ½, Journal of Food Engineering, Vol. 79 No. 4, pp. 1322-8. Bhuiyan, N. and Alam, N. (2005),  ¿Ã‚ ½An investigation into issues related to the latest version of ISO 9000 ¿Ã‚ ½, Total Quality Management Business Excellence, Vol. 16 No. 2, pp. 199-213. Birkenstock, J. (1999), Why ISO 9000?, Quality Resource Center, Sacramento, CA, available at: www.qrccentral.com/whyiso.htm Bauman, H. E. (1974). The HACCP concept and microbiological hazard categories. Food Technology, 28(9), 30 ¿Ã‚ ½32. Bauman, H. E. (1994). The origin of the HACCP systems and subsequent evaluation , Food Science and Technology Today, Vol, 8,pp.66-72 Cianfrani, A., Tsiakalas, J. and West, E. (2002), The ASQ ISO 9000:2000 Handbook, Quality Press, Milwaukee, WI. Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) (2001),  ¿Ã‚ ½Proposed draft revised guidelines for the application of the HACCP system in small and/or less developed businesses (SLDBs) ¿Ã‚ ½, Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme Codex Committee on Food Hygiene, Report of the 34th Session, Agenta Item 10, CX/FH 01/10, CAC, Rome. Codex (2003), Codex Standard for Fermented Milks, Codex STAN 243-2003, Codex Alimentarius Commission, Rome. Davenport, T.H. (2005),  ¿Ã‚ ½The coming commoditization of processes ¿Ã‚ ½, Harvard Business Review, Vol. 83 No. 6, pp. 100-8. Dumond, E.J. (1994),  ¿Ã‚ ½Making best use of performance measures and information ¿Ã‚ ½, International Journal of Operations Production Management, Vol. 14 No. 9, pp. 16-31. Ehiri, E., Morris, P. and McEwen, J. (1995),  ¿Ã‚ ½Implementation of HACCP in food businesses: the way ahead ¿Ã‚ ½, Food Control, Vol. 6 No. 6, pp. 341-5. Elmi, M.(2004), Food safety: current situation, unaddressed issues and the emergin priorities, La Revue de Sant ¿Ã‚ ½ de la M ¿Ã‚ ½diterran ¿Ã‚ ½e orientale, Vol. 10, No 6. Eves, A. and Dervisi, P. (2005),  ¿Ã‚ ½Experiences of the implementation and operation of hazard analysis critical control points in the food service sector ¿Ã‚ ½, Hospitality Management, Vol. 24 No. 1, pp. 3-19. Eyles, M.J. (1995),  ¿Ã‚ ½Trends in food-borne diseases and implications for the dairy industry ¿Ã‚ ½, The Australian Journal of Dairy Technology, Vol. 50, pp. 10-14. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO ), World Health Organization (WHO), (2003), Assuring food safety and quality: guidelines for strengthening national food control systems. Rome Food Standard Agency (2007),Food safety management evaluation Research, Report available at www.jigsaw-research.co.uk. GFSI (2007), What is ISO 22000?,), Technical Committee position paper, September, available at: www.globalfoodsafety.com Gilling, S.J., Taylor, E.A., Kane, K. and Taylor, J.Z. (2001),  ¿Ã‚ ½Successful hazard analysis critical control point implementation in the United Kingdom: understanding the barriers through the use of a behavioural adherence model ¿Ã‚ ½, Journal of Food Protection, Vol. 64 No. 5, pp. 710-5. Gorris, L.G.M. (2005 ),  ¿Ã‚ ½Food safety objective: an integral part of food chain management ¿Ã‚ ½, Food Control, Vol. 16 No. 9, pp. 801-9. Griffith, C. (2000),  ¿Ã‚ ½Food safety in catering establishments35 ¿Ã‚ ½, in Farber, J.M. and Todd, E.C. (Eds), Safe Handling of Foods, Marcel Dekker, New York, NY, pp. 235-56. Hammer, M. (2002),  ¿Ã‚ ½Process management and the future of Six Sigma ¿Ã‚ ½, MIT Sloan Management Review, Vol. 43 No. 2, pp. 26-32. Hunter, Laura and Erin Leahey. 2008. Collaborative Research in Sociology: Trends and Contributing Factors. American Sociologist 39:290 ¿Ã‚ ½306 Joee, C. (2008), The ISO 22000 standard procedures for a food safety management system, a guide to creating a food safety management system for any organization in the supply chain, Bizmanulaz Inc, 2008. Little, C.L., Lock,D., Barnes,J., and Mitchell, R.T. (2002), Microbiological quality of take-away cooked rice and chicken sandwiches: effective of good hygiene training of the management , Communicable Disease and Puplic Health, Vol. 11, pp. 154-7. Little, C.L., Lock,D., Barnes,J., and Mitchell, R.T. (2003), Microbiological quality of food in relation to hazard analysis systems and food hygiene training of the management, Communicable Disease and Puplic Health, Vol. 6, pp. 250-8. Luning, P. and Marcelis, W. (2007),  ¿Ã‚ ½A conceptual model of food quality management functions based on a techno-managerial approach ¿Ã‚ ½, Trends in Food Science Technology, Vol. 18 No. 3, pp. 159-66. Luning, P., Bango, L., Kussaga, J., Rovira, J. and Marcelis, W. (2008),  ¿Ã‚ ½Comprehensive analysis and differentiated assessment of food safety control systems: a diagnostic instrument ¿Ã‚ ½, Trends in Food Science Technology, Vol. 19 No. 10, pp. 522-34. Manning, L. and Baines, R. (2004),  ¿Ã‚ ½Effective management of food safety and quality ¿Ã‚ ½, British Food Journal, Vol. 106 No. 8, pp. 598-606. Mayes, T. (1993),  ¿Ã‚ ½The application of management systems to food safety and quality ¿Ã‚ ½, Trends in Food Science Technology, Vol. 4, July, pp. 216-19. Mehta, S. and Wilcock, A. (1996),  ¿Ã‚ ½Quality system standards in the Canadian food and beverage industry ¿Ã‚ ½, Quality Management Journal, Vol. 4 No. 1, pp. 72-93. Mehrdad, T. (2007) New food safety management systems; ISO 22000 Global food safety initiative system, available at www.vetmed.ucdavis.edu Minitab Statistical Software (2006), Release15 for Windows, Pennsylvania, Minitab Inc. Mortimore, S. and Wallace, C. (1996), HACCP: A Practical Approach, Chapman Hall, London. Mossel,D.A.A., Corry,J.E.L., Struijk,C.B. and Baird,R.M. (1995), Essential of the Microbiology of foods:A text book for advanced studies, John Willy Sons, Chichester. National Food Processors Association (1992),  ¿Ã‚ ½HACCP and total quality management  ¿Ã‚ ½ winning concepts for the 1990s: a review ¿Ã‚ ½, Journal of Food Protection, Vol. 55 No. 6, pp. 459-62. Newslow, D. (1997),  ¿Ã‚ ½HACCP/ISO 9000: commonalities and distinctions ¿Ã‚ ½, Dairy, Food and Environmental Sanitation, Vol. 17, pp. 156-61. Oakland, J. (1995), Total Quality Management  ¿Ã‚ ½ Text with Cases, 2nd ed., Butterworth-Heinemann Professional Publishing, Oxford. Pallett, A.J.M. (1994),  ¿Ã‚ ½ISO 9000: the company ¿Ã‚ ½s viewpoint ¿Ã‚ ½, Food Technology, December, pp. 60-2. Panagiotis, C. (2009), Standardized food safety management  ¿Ã‚ ½the case of industrial yoghurt, British Food Journal, Vol. 111 No. 9, 2009, pp. 897-914 Panisello, P. and Quantick, P. (2001),  ¿Ã‚ ½Technical barriers to Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) ¿Ã‚ ½, Food Control, Vol. 12 No. 3, pp. 165-73. Panisello, P., Quantick, P. and Knowles, M. (1999),  ¿Ã‚ ½Towards the implementation of HACCP: results of a UK regional survey ¿Ã‚ ½, Food Control, Vol. 10 No. 2, pp. 87-98. Philippa, S.(2008), ISO22000 food safety management system and their related requirements, Six World Congress on Sea Food Safety, Quality and Trade,Standard Australia, 14-16 September., Redshaw, B. (2000),  ¿Ã‚ ½Evaluating organisational effectiveness ¿Ã‚ ½, Industrial and Commercial Training, Vol. 32 No. 7, pp. 245-8. Roberto, C.D., Brandao, S.C.C. and da Silva, C.A.B. (2006),  ¿Ã‚ ½Costs and investments of implement ting and maintaining HACCP in a pasteurized milk plant ¿Ã‚ ½, Food Control, Vol. 17 No. 8, pp. 599-603. Satin, M. (Ed.) (2002), Quality Enhancement in Food Processing Through HACCP, Asian Productivity Organization, Tokyo. Stringer, M.F. (1994),  ¿Ã‚ ½Safety and quality management through HACCP and ISO 9000 ¿Ã‚ ½, Dairy Food and Environmental Sanitation, Vol. 14 No. 8, pp. 428-81. Stringer, M. (2004),  ¿Ã‚ ½Food safety objectives-role in microbiological food safety management ¿Ã‚ ½, Food Control Journal, Vol. 16, pp. 775-794. Strohbehn, C., Gilmore, S. and Sneed, J. (2004),  ¿Ã‚ ½Food safety practices and HACCP implementation: perceptions of registered dieticians and dietary managers ¿Ã‚ ½, Journal of the American Dietetic Association, Vol. 104 No. 11, pp. 1692-9. Surak, J.G. (1999),  ¿Ã‚ ½Quality in commercial food processing ¿Ã‚ ½, Quality Progress, February, pp. 25-9. Surak, J.G. and Simpson, K. (1994),  ¿Ã‚ ½Using ISO 9000 standards as a quality framework ¿Ã‚ ½, Food Technology, December, pp. 63-4. Suttiprasit, P. (2007),  ¿Ã‚ ½Innovative integration of food safety standards using current process model (CPM) approach ¿Ã‚ ½ Technology Promotion Association Journal, Part 1: No. 41 and Part 2-4: Nos. 43-45. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS-15).-SPSS Inc. Stringer, M. (2005),  ¿Ã‚ ½Food safety objectives  ¿Ã‚ ½ role in microbiological food safety management ¿Ã‚ ½, Food Control, Vol. 16 No. 9, pp. 775-94. Taylor, E. (2001),  ¿Ã‚ ½HACCP in small companies, benefit or burden ¿Ã‚ ½, Food Control, Vol. 12 No. 4, pp. 217-22. Taylor, E. and Kane, K. (2005),  ¿Ã‚ ½Reducing the burden of HACCP in SMEs ¿Ã‚ ½, Food Control, Vol. 16 No. 10, pp. 833-9. Taylor, E. and Taylor, J. (2004),  ¿Ã‚ ½Using qualitative psychology to investigate HACCP implementation barriers ¿Ã‚ ½, International Journal of Environmental Health Research, Vol. 14 No. Untermann, F. (1999),  ¿Ã‚ ½Food safety management and misinterpretation of HACCP ¿Ã‚ ½, Food Control, Vol. 10 No. 3, pp. 161-7. Vela, R. and Fernandez, M. (2003),  ¿Ã‚ ½Barriers for the developing and implementation of HACCP plans: results from a Spanish regional survey ¿Ã‚ ½, Food Control, Vol. 14 No. 5, pp. 333-7. Walker, E., Pritchard, C. and Forsythe, S. (2003),  ¿Ã‚ ½Hazard analysis critical control point and prerequisite programme implementation in small and medium size food businesses ¿Ã‚ ½, Food Control, Vol. 14 No. 3, pp. 169-74. Ward, G. (2001),  ¿Ã‚ ½HACCP: heaven or hell for the food industry? ¿Ã‚ ½, Quality World, March, pp. 12 15. Wasik, R. (1994a),  ¿Ã‚ ½ISO programs ¿Ã‚ ½, Food in Canada, April, p. 61. Wasik, R. (1994b),  ¿Ã‚ ½TQL + HACCP + ISO 9000  ¿Ã‚ ½ total quality (part I) ¿Ã‚ ½, Food in Canada, March, pp. 28-9. World Health Organisation (WHO) (1999),  ¿Ã‚ ½Report of a WHO consultation strategies for implementing HACCP in small and/or less developed businesses ¿Ã‚ ½, WHO/SDE/PHE/FOS/99.7, Food Safety Programme World Health Organization, The Hague, 16-19 June. Yapp, C. and Fairman, R. (2006),  ¿Ã‚ ½Factors affecting food safety compliance with small and medium-sized enterprises: implications for regulatory and enforcement strategies ¿Ã‚ ½, Food Control, Vol. 17 No. 1, pp. 42-51. Vel, Pillay. and Victor, Muliyil. (2005), ISO 22000 food safety management systems, The one universal food safety management standard that works across all others, SGS, System and Certification Services, October 2005. Zhou, J., Jin, S., and Ye, J. (2008),  ¿Ã‚ ½Adoption of HACCP system in the Chinese food industry: a comparative analysis ¿Ã‚ ½, Food Control, Vol. 19 No. 8, pp. 823-8.

Gender :: essays research papers

GENDER Gender can be defined as the sex-role that a person takes on according to guidelines or standards instilled in us by society. One can be a male or female biologically, but still be perceived as the opposite sex due to the way one may think or present him self or her self. Whether or not we are born with certain biological traits different in male versus female is the nature versus nurture question that has been around for years. Through research, science has found that men and women differ in the way they process information, but whether or not this is due to the way that they are socialized or if in fact they are born this way has yet to be proven. In women and men, both respectfully, there exist many obvious differences that may sometimes overshadow some similarities. Some of the more common identities familiarized with the males are their independence and sometimes exaggerated aggressiveness. Males also tend to be more focused on tasks and connections when with larger groups. The women, on the other hand, tend to be more interdependent, less aggressive, more sharing, more imitation of relationship and intimate discussion, more charitable, more empathetic, more likely to smile, more sensitive, and more skilled at expressing emotions non-verbally. Let’s face it males, women are the super humans. One of the positive key advantages of a male is their assertiveness and high self-esteem. The women on the other hand are more extroverted and tender minded, qualities, which enable them to be all of the characteristics listed before. When gender differences are viewed at in a sexual aspect, the men are still the stereotypical â €Å"pigs†. Through relationships males are more likely to be involved for one thing, sex. The females, being much more sensitive and all, want love and compassion through a relationship, and maybe sex, or making love on the side. In other words men want lust and women want love. Although popular belief may have that the females are the more mentally advanced, or smarter, studies show that both males and females have the same academic abilities and IQ average. Males are much better with mental rotation though.

Bus Boycott Essay -- essays research papers

During the first half of the twentieth century segregation was the way of life in the south. It was an excepted, and even though it was morally wrong, it still went on as if there was nothing wrong at all. African-Americans were treated as if they were a somehow sub-human, they were treated because of the color of their skin that somehow, someway they were different. In the south it was almost impossible to find any aspect of life that was not segregated. The schools were segregated and the restaurants were segregated. There was â€Å"Colored Only† bathrooms, and â€Å"Colored Only† drinking fountains and segregation was definitely present in public transportation. Martin Luther King Jr. could not have said it better when he addressed the massive crowd at the first meeting of Montgomery Improvement Association and said, â€Å" . . . we are here, we are here because we are tired now.†1 On December 1, 1955 Rosa Parks, a seamstress who lived in Montgomery, Al, refused to give her seat up to a white man who had nowhere to sit on the bus. Because she would not move to the back of the bus, she was arrested for violating the Alabama bus segregation laws. Rosa was thrown in jail and fined fourteen dollars. Enraged by Mrs. Parks arrest the black community of Montgomery united together and organized a boycott of the bus system until the city buses were integrated. The black men and women stayed of the buses until December 20, 1956, almost thirteen months after the boycott their goal was reached. The Montgomery Bus Boycott can be considered a major turning point in the Civil Rights Movement because it made Martin Luther King Jr. public leader in the movement, starting point for non-violent protest as an effective tool in the fight for civil rights, showed that African-Americans united for a cause could stand up to segregation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Being president of the Montgomery Improvement Association taught Martin Luther the skills and gave the exposure to become a great leader of a movement as large as the civil rights movement. The thing that Martin Luther King is remembered most for was his oratory skills. M.L.K was a master speaker and his speeches and the greatness of them will always live on forever. His Speaking style has been compared to such great people as Gandhi, Jesus and Fredrick Douglass because he knew how to dramatize the truth.2 This is evident when he... ... the Bus Boycott Martin Luther King Jr. went on to become the leader of civil rights movement and the one who the most closely associated to the civil rights movement. Some many things have happened because of Martin Luther King Jr. and everything involved with the boycott. Just think, it all would have never happened if one person, Mrs. Rosa Parks, would have let that the bus driver trample over her and not stand up for what she know is right.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Martin Luther King Jr’s book, Stride Towards Freedom, he sums up the whole boycott very nicely. â€Å"The Story of Montgomery us the story of 50,00 Negroes who were willing to substitute tired feet for tired souls and walk the streets of Montgomery until the walls of segregation were finally battered by the forces of justice.†5 End Notes 1Taylor Branch Parting the Water: America in the King Years, 1954-1963 (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1988) 140 2Lerone Bennett Jr. Before The Mayflower: A History of Black America (New York: Johnson Publishing Company, 1969) pg. 314. 3Branch 139 4 Branch 143 5 Juan Williams, Eyes on the Prize: America's Civil Rights Years, 1954-1965 (New York: Viking Penguin Inc., 1987) 89

Social Security Essay examples -- essays research papers

SOCIAL SECURITY   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The purpose of Social Security is to provide for the material needs of individuals and families, to protect aged and disabled persons against the expenses of illnesses that may otherwise use up their savings; to keep families together; and to give children the chance to grow up healthy and secure.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As I write this term paper, I will discuss the following topics, related to Social Security: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A brief history of Social Security. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Types of Social Security benefits. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  How Social Security is financed. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  How you earn Social Security work credits. 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A brief history of Social Security: 06/08/34  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Federal legislation to promote Economic Security was recommended in President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s message to Congress. 06/29/34  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  President Roosevelt created the committee on Economic Security to study the problems related to economic security and make recommendations for a program of legislation. 01/17/35  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Committee on Economic Securities’ recommendations were introduced in the 74th Congress. 04/19/35  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Social Security Act was passed in the House of Representatives by a vote of 372 to 33. 06/19/35  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Social Security Act was passed in the Senate by a vote of 77 to 6. 08/14/35  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Social Security Act became law with President Roosevelt’s signature. 08/23/35  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Senate confirmed the president’s nomination of the original members of the Social Security Board, John G. Winant, Chairman, Arthur J. Altmeyer, and Vincent M. Miles. 10/14/36  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first Social Security field office was opened in Austin, Texas. 11/09/36  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Baltimore Office for Record Keeping Operations opened in the Candler Building. 11/24/36  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Applications for Social Security account numbers were distributed by the post office. 01/01/37  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Workers began to acquire credits towards old-age insurance benefits. 01/37  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First application for benefits f... ...efits, How Social Security is Financed, and How you earn Social Security Work Credits. The clock is ticking for the Social Security System with a gigantic baby boom generation approaching retirement age, Social Security faces a funding crisis. By about 2012 more money will be going out to Social Security recipients than will be coming in from workers payroll taxes. The system’s trust fund can cover the difference for a while, but by about 2032 the trust fund will be empty and the program will no longer be able to meet all of its obligations. Historically, politicians have had a simple, consistent position on Social Security, do nothing. However, a spirited bipartisan debate is raging in Capital Hill and across the nation, over a handful of possible changes, all of which were considered unthinkable a few years ago: 1) Cutting benefits across the board (or just for the wealthy). 2) Raising the payroll tax across the board (or just for the wealthy). 3) Raising the age at which retirees become eligible. 4) Investing the trust fund more aggressively. 5) Letting workers contribute to personal security accounts that the government would manage (or that workers would manage themselves).

Mod

A supervisor Is defined as â€Å"someone who supervises as In a large business or enterprise,† supervise Itself means â€Å"to be In charge of (someone or something) : to watch and direct (someone or something)† this means that the Job Is still built and run with the same basic and fundamental Ideas of dervish, Interpersonal skill and professional actions In day to day work such as hilling and directing as needed. Though the functions of the Job are oriented around a new Idea for the switch, the functions themselves are the same. 2.Do you think that supervision can be learned through books and study or only through experience? Why? I believe that good supervision can be learned through books and study, however, supervision itself is a skill and therefore must be taught hands on not only through study. Experience is a key to learning a skill such as supervision because it involves instructing others what to do, one cannot have the confidence to lead others by nearly read ing a book and Jumping in. In order to learn how to lead and supervise you must have the experience of being in command preceded by the experience learned in books and study. 3.Explain the glass ceiling: The glass ceiling refers to the concept that states that the majority of successful business leaders and supervisors are â€Å"white male† and there is an invisible barrier now as â€Å"the glass ceiling' holding women and minorities back from progression in the business world. Diversity is very slowly growing in business however this still seems to be a problem. Greater diversity is a need because in today's world a business must have different languages and cultural viewpoints, the glass ceiling prevents this. 4. Explain entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurs are people who start, manage, work In and operate their own businesses. Pond these tasks an entrepreneurs must also proved the professional did of supervision to their own company, Including all the liableness, risk and taxe s. The rewards of entrepreneurship are great personal accomplishment and profit If done properly. Mod 1 By Sketchbooks would also do well at a bank. A supervisor is defined as â€Å"someone who supervises as in a large business or enterprise,† supervise itself means â€Å"to be in charge of that the Job is still built and run with the same basic and fundamental ideas of leadership, interpersonal skill and professional actions in day to day work such as ring and directing as needed.Though the functions of the Job are oriented around a new idea for the switch, the functions themselves are the same. Known as â€Å"the glass ceiling† holding women and minorities back from progression in Entrepreneurs are people who start, manage, work in and operate their own businesses. Upon these tasks an entrepreneurs must also proved the professional side of supervision to their own company, including all the liabilities, risk and taxes.

Evangelism Paper Essay

Over the last few months one has to mention an undeniable fact: the church of tomorrow must be reached different than the church of yesterday. Through readings, lectures, and field trips, it has become evident that something different must begin to take place if the church is going to be able to reach the present and future generations. We must become creative in our evangelism if we wish to reach this culture. It is essential to be up to date technologically and even socially. A pastor who falls behind in the social atmosphere around him will lose touch with his or her people. If we are to reach these people as individuals, the pastor cannot be expected to â€Å"do all the work.† â€Å"A clerical ministry will not penetrate this age, but the priesthood of all believers can† (Maddix). That is, we must teach the laity of the church to reach out spiritually and socially to their neighbors, friends, and especially each other. According to Bonhoeffer, the meaning of the statement â€Å"Christianity means community through Jesus Christ and in Jesus Christ. No Christian community is more or less than this†¦we belong to one another only through and in Jesus Christ† is threefold: â€Å"first, that a Christian needs others because of Jesus Christ†¦second, that a Christian comes to others only through Jesus Christ†¦third, that in Jesus Christ we have been chosen from eternity, accepted in time, and united for eternity† (21). The transformation of members into ministers will spark great growth within the church. In the midst of this, it is essential to remain biblical. The Scripture must always be taken seriously, never downplayed, in an effort to reach someone. We must recognize that we are a body of believers and that, according to Wesley, there is no such thing as solitary religion. Whether Christ is the first thing out of our mouth or not, we must be passionate about Christ before we will be able to reach these generations. We can become passionate by focusing on Christ and focusing on those who are not yet followers of Christ. A passion for the lost is essential in evangelism. Two of my closest friends had not been saved, and my heart felt great pain and anguish knowing that if everything ended right then, I would be without them for eternity, and more importantly, they without God. We must also focus on sin, not avoiding it so as to attract people. A seeker sensitive church will die if sin in not recognized. Evangelistic decisions are the most powerful catalyst for change and growth in a church and pastor. As such, we should know our purpose as a church and embrace it. I will focus on st paul’s lutheran church. In tandem with many other churches, St. Paul’s indeed has an official membership list that includes many people who have left the congregation. However, around 75 adults have attended or made a contribution to some extent to St. Paul’s over the past year, along with 12 children and 3 teenagers. Pastor Nadine’s yearly salary is $15,500. If we are to create a church, we must begin with a strong foundation. According to Rick Warren, â€Å"If you want to build a healthy, strong, and growing church you must spend time laying a solid foundation. This done by clarifying in the minds of everyone involved exactly why the church exists and what it is supposed to do† (86). First, a clear purpose builds moral. The moral of a church will be much higher if they know why they exist. Second, a clear purpose reduces much frustration. We are helped to put aside the petty things and recognize what we are not seeking to do. A clear purpose within a church allows for concentration. The more focus a church has, the higher impact it will have on the people around it. If focus is lost, therefore, the impact of the church will be negligible. It is also vital not to flood the church calendar. The goal of the church is not to overwhelm its people, but to quench them. Tradition should never stand above excellence within the church. If an event or tradition is now failing, it should probably be removed. Chances are that new traditions could be started that could have a much great impact on both the church and the people in the neighboring areas. Programs should never be started if they do not run in line with the purpose of the church. So, just because a program may seem to be well-intentioned and may even have well affects on the church, that doesn’t mean those affects are furthering the purpose of the church. Serious setbacks could occur in this manner. When beginning new ministries within the church, the pastor or initiator of the idea must not stand alone in developing it. At this point delegations need to be made to people who are trustworthy and effective. They must know their duties or the ministry will fail. A clear purpose also attracts cooperation. We must make sure members understand the purpose of the church so they can be comfortable with what is being taught and what ministries are taking place. Someone who is out of touch with the purpose of the church may begin to feel excluded and angry that things are not going as they â€Å"should.† Some people may transfer to a church with a set purpose and have their own ideas about ways things should be done based on their past experiences. These people must not be part of the decision making processes of the church in terms of its purpose. As the rest of the congregation has already committed to the purpose, changing it now would be quite unhealthy for the church. Finally, having a clear purpose for the church makes it easier to evaluate the growth and success of the church. With clear goals having been set, it is easy to look and see what has and has not been accomplished (Maddix,). Once these purposes are established, it is important to organize around them. In doing so, there are five basic purpose-driven church types as outlined in lecture. First is the Soul Winning Church. The pastor is the evangelist and the primary goal is reaching the lost. Second is the Experiencing God Church. This church focuses on experiencing the presence and power of God in worship. The third type is the Family Reunion Church. The primary focus here is fellowship. The pastor is usually very relational, loving and spending time with his people. The next type is the Classroom Church. Here the pastor is primarily a teacher. The sermons will almost always include taking notes. I would place most of the Nazarene churches I have attended in this category primarily. The final type is the Social Conscience Church. The pastor is seen as a prophet or reformer. The church is primarily concerned with changing society- â€Å"doers of the Word.† With all of these available, it becomes essential to produce a good balance. These purposes must still be applied further. We should work to constantly be working to assimilate newcomers if we wish to keep them as a part of the church. To do this the church must be prepared for newcomers with its Greeter/Usher ministry as well as its care ministries team. A follow-up on newcomers almost always lets them know that they were noticed and are cared about. At least a few contacts should be made in the first week whether from the pastor directly or from care team members. The programs within the church must be relevant to the purpose of the church, as stated before. Programs should be servants to the purpose. Also reiterated, is that the people must be educated as to the purpose of the church. If people know the purpose, they will begin to live according to the purpose as evangelists, worshipers, disciples and ministers. Small groups have become on the most successful ways of reaching out to the present generations. These groups can be seeker groups which meet away from the church in a home or for an activity. The purpose of seeker groups is develop relationship with the lost. Disciple/Growth groups are great for Christians of all maturity levels, but especially for the new Christian. Support groups such as prison ministries, divorce, alcohol and drug recovery groups are widely accepted and appreciated by the community, helping others and their families. If at all possible, staff should be built around people from within the church. Anyone brought in must be extremely likable and hold a similar missional view for the church. There should be mission teams, music teams, membership teams, maturity team, and ministry teams as part of the church. With each owning a specific purpose within the church, no single one is being emphasize, and no one is being left out. The pastor should preach according to the purpose of the church. This should be how the church grows to accept and believe in its purpose. The priorities of a church are easily seen through its budget and calendar. The budget should be scheduled wisely and in ways that directly impact the purposes of the church. The purposes of the church must also show up on the calendar. If they are not there, they will not succeed. Finally we should evaluate our church purposefully. Our standards should be set on how well we achieve our purposes. It is also quite important to recognize the significance of vision for the church. Vision is defined as â€Å"my understanding of what God wants done in the place where he has placed me.† If the vision of the pastor is not accepted by the majority of the congregation, it should probably be reevaluated. In some cases the church itself may be quite ill and not really understand what it needs. A slow movement in the direction is the only way to help such churches turn themselves around. Without a vision, the church has nothing to aspire to. As Proverbs 29:18 says, â€Å"Where there is no vision the people perish.† A can be worn down over time if it lacks vision. Specific goals set for the church keep members active in their faith and daily activities. Vision, like purpose, must be passed on to the congregation through passionate messages from the pastor. Such vision must also inspire the pastor to live accordingly as an example for his congregation. If the people don’t know or understand the vision of the church and the pastor, then the pastor isn’t doing a well enough job communicating it. Vision must not attempt to go beyond the reasonable means of the church. The gifts and talents of the pastor and the congregation limit the vision of a church. This factor of vision is just the first of nine factors that are nearly always present in growing churches. The second factor is evangelism. Because God intends his church to grow, all members of the church body are to be evangelists. Congregation must acknowledge that they have to go outside to evangelize, not sit comfortably within the walls of the church. Thirdly is the maturation factor. The church must develop leaders through the maturing of their faith. Fourth is the worship factor. People must know that worship is key to our faith, for we were created to worship God. Sjogren’s Power Principle #7 states that your style is not the key to success, so although your church will be identified by your worship style, God comes into your midst, not because of worship style, but because hearts are hungry for the presence of God. Fifth is the preaching factor. Preaching must be done in a way that leads the congregation to understand the faith of the pastor. Television and computers have changed the way people expect to be informed at church. According to Rainer, the unchurched want a pastor who is â€Å"real† and is a person of conviction; they want a good communicator and a good leader. Furthermore, they want to hear preaching that teaches the Bible and applies to their own individual lives.† Leadership, giving, mission, and the birthing of new ideas finish of the list of factors for church growth. Leaders must be strong and confident, giving must be done sacrificially, and people must have a world view of missions. Turning attendees in members into ministers is the encompassing purpose in a church’s discipleship program. If members can be made who possess a serious passion for the lost, then a church is well-on its way to long-term success. In our recent trip to the Seattle area, we experienced several churches which had great outreach success. Mars Hill church was by far the most successful. It was obvious because of the size of the church (running c.500), as well as the specific focus and outreach. With hundreds of small groups and a target audience of 16-35, Mars Hill represents a successful outreaching church. Other churches showed their weaknesses within pastoral staff and mixed traditions as compared to the vision and purpose of the church. Bibliography Hunter, George G. III. The Celtic Way of Evagelism. 2000, Abington Press, Nashville, Maddix, Mark. Class Lectures, Spring 2005. Northwest Nazarene University, Nampa, McLaren, Brian D. More Ready Than You Realize. 2002, Zondervan, Grand Rapids, . Warren, Rick. Purpose Driven Church. 1995, Nelson Books, Nashville, TN.

An Information Communications Technology Solutions Essay

Unified communications (UC) is a commonly used term for the integration of disparate communications systems, media, devices and applications. This potentially includes the integration of fixed and mobile voice, e-mail, instant messaging, desktop and advanced business applications, Internet Protocol (IP)-PBX, voice over IP (VoIP), presence, voice-mail, fax, audio video and web conferencing, unified messaging, unified voicemail, and whiteboarding into a single environment offering the user a more complete but simpler and more effective experience. Gartner states â€Å"The largest single value of UC is its ability to reduce â€Å"human latency† in business processes. † Unified Messaging (or UM) is the integration of different streams of communication (e-mail, SMS, Fax, voice, video, etc. ) into a single, or, unified ‘message store’, accessible from a variety of different devices. Unified Messaging was expected by many in the consumer telecommunications industry to be a popular product, first augmenting and eventually replacing voicemail. However, UM was slow to gain consumer acceptance, and UM vendors such as Comverse were badly hit when the slowdown in the telecommunications industry in 2001 made carriers wary of spending large amounts of money on technology with little proven consumer demand. Role of UM in Present Scenario Today, UM solutions are increasingly accepted in the corporate environment. The aim of deploying UM solutions generally is to enhance and improve business processes as well as services. UM solutions targeting professional end-user customers integrate communications processes into the existing IT infrastructure, i. e. into CRM, ERP and mail systems (e. g. Phoenixnet PH, Microsoft Exchange, Lotus Notes, SAP, etc. ) Unified communications is sometimes confused with unified messaging, but it is distinct. Unified communications refers to a real-time delivery of communications based on the preferred method and location of the recipient; unified messaging systems culls messages from several sources (such as email, voice mail etc. ), but holds those messages for retrieval at a later time. Unified messaging focuses on allowing users to access voice, e-mail, fax and other mixed media from a single mailbox independent of the access device. Multimedia services include messages of mixed media types such as video, sound clips, and pictures, and include communication via short message services (SMS). Components of unified communications Unified communications can include a variety of elements, such as instant messaging, telephony, video, email, voicemail, and short message services, all of which could be brought into real time and coordinated. The concept of presence is also a factor – knowing where one’s intended recipients are and if they are available, in real time – and is itself a key component of unified communications. To put it simply, unified communications integrates all the systems that a user might already be using and helps those systems work together in real time. For example, unified communications technology could allow a user to seamlessly collaborate with another person on a project, even if the two users are in separate locations. The user could quickly locate the necessary person by accessing an interactive directory, engage in a text messaging session, and then escalate the session to a voice call, or even a video call – all within minutes. In another example, an employee receives a call from a customer who wants answers. Unified communications could enable that worker to access a real-time list of available expert colleagues, then make a call that would reach the necessary person, enabling the employee to answer the customer faster, and eliminating rounds of back-and-forth emails and phone-tag. The examples in the previous paragraph primarily describe â€Å"personal productivity† enhancements that tend to benefit the individual user. While such benefits can be important, enterprises are finding that they can achieve even greater impact by using unified communications capabilities to transform business processes. This is achieved by integrating UC functionality directly into the business applications using development tools provided by many of the suppliers. Instead of the individual user invoking the UC functionality to, say, find an appropriate resource, the workflow or process application automatically identifies the resource at the point in the business activity where one is needed. When used in this manner, the concept of â€Å"presence† often changes. Most people associate presence with IM â€Å"buddy lists† — the status of individuals is identified. But, in many business process applications, what is important is finding someone with a certain skill. In these environments, presence will identify available skills or capabilities. This â€Å"business process† approach to integrating UC functionality can result in bottom line benefits that are an order of magnitude greater than those achievable by personal productivity methods alone. According to the International Engineering Consortium, unified communications is an industry term used to describe all forms of call and multimedia/cross-media message-management functions controlled by an individual user for both business and social purposes. This includes any enterprise informational or transactional application process that emulates a human user and uses a single, content-independent personal messaging channel (mailbox) for contact access. The essence of communication is breaking down barriers. In its simplest form, the telephone breaks distance and time barriers so that people can communicate in real time or near real time when they are not together. There are now many other barriers to be overcome. People can use many different devices to communicate (wireless phones, personal digital assistants [PDA], personal computers [PC], thin clients, etc. ), and there are now new forms of communication as well, such as instant messaging. The goal of unified communications involves breaking down these barriers so that people using different modes of communication, different media, and different devices can still communicate to anyone, anywhere, at any time. Unified communications (UC) encompasses several communication systems or models including unified messaging, collaboration, and interaction systems; real-time and near real-time communications; and transactional applications.

Daewoo

1. Introduction The aim of this report is to critically evaluate the Daewoo’s 1995 UK automotive market entrance. After entering the highly competitive British car industry, Daewoo managed to achieve a competitive advantage by focusing on delivering effective customer service. We seek to understand why established car firms did not respond to customer needs prior Daewoo’s entrance and what strategies they could possibly adopt to outperform Daewoo presently. The report also takes a look at the innovations associated with the UK entry of the Korean car manufacturer and how they could sustain these innovations to retain and build on their existing market share. Possible brand extension strategies will be suggested for Daewoo to follow subsequent to the successful launch of the car. We finally assess other sectors where firms could achieve a competitive advantage by applying a customer-centred strategy. 2. Analysis of the Case 2.1 Dilemma facing the car industry The industry is faced with two main choices when responding to Daewoo’s challenge. The first of which is to save resources and not respond based on the belief that Daewoo’s competitive advantage is not sustainable. Daewoo’s direct distribution strategy will incur increased customer service and logistics costs (Doyle and Stern, 2007) and the firm’s current aggressive promotional strategy will also affect their bottom line. Furthermore, the ‘post modern’ criticism of delivering such high service levels is that it is unsustainable due to the fact that the customer will simply increase their expectations in line with improved offerings (Kotler et al, 2007). However, such a strategy would involve a high level of risk. The second option for responding to Daewoo’s challenge is to adopt defence strategies (Lambin, 2007). We feel that it is important to establish that there is no universal strategy and individual players would be advised to review whether the threat of Daewoo is relevant to their target market. For example, high end car manufacturers such as Audi and Mercedes are highly unlikely to suffer any repercussions as they do not target the same price sensitive market. Companies that do target price sensitive customers (such as Ford, Fiat and Renault) would be advised to take a much more direct approach however. The most appropriate mode of doing this would be through a combination of ‘position’, ‘flank’ and ‘pre-emptive’ defences (Lambin, 2007). Firstly, through a ‘position defence’, it would be recommended that manufacturers utilize their existing brand equities and customer base. Daewoo do not benefit from a long standing presence in the UK market and, as a result, protecting existing customer databases is a crucial element in defending market share. A combination of ‘Flank’ and ‘Pre-emptive’ defences would be recommended to address the threat brought about by Daewoo’s distribution strategy. An obvious way of doing this would be to imitate the strategy and meet or even exceed the standards set by Daewoo. However, this would be a costly and difficult process to implement due to the high exit barriers caused by existing distribution agreements. Therefore, to pre-empt the next move in Daewoo’s strategy would be a more viable solution and could give the competition a first mover advantage. The growth of e-commerce and internet usage in 1998-2000 was unprecedented (BBC, 2010) and developing an online platform represents an opportunity to create an interactive and cost effective distribution strategy. Adoption of such a solution would allow manufacturers to lead digital convergence and offer further decreases in stress and intrusion into the customer’s decision making process. 2.3 Customer-focused approach According to the pre-launch research conducted by Daewoo, the overall standard of customer service in the UK car market was low. The majority of consumers suffered from unpleasant buying experiences due to apathy from dealers, inconsistent pricing and poor after-sales service. This provided Daewoo a competitive advantage by operating as a customer-focused brand. The Korean conglomerate focused on optimizing their customer services, including an exceptional showroom atmosphere (Rodgers, 1995). Despite of this example, the industry had failed to innovate in a customer-focused manner. The fundamental reason is that as the UK car industry structure had remained unchanged for one hundred years. Conventional innovation approaches include building high quality cars (Volkswagen and Toyota) or offering low prices as (Lada). However, they did not break the tradition by investing in an innovative, customer-focused strategy. An additional cause could be that UK automobile manufacturers were highly conservative. According to Whittington (2010) customer centric strategies are so complex that requires the company not only analyse the problem from the market researches, but also develop an objective view to consider financial and operational issues. We feel that, that on consideration of the financial and operational investment required, manufacturers denoted the risk of following such a strategy was too high risk. The last possibility is that the market did not believe this kind of customer-focused innovation was feasible and underestimated the importance of after-sales services and the ever-changing customer trends. The opportunity was clearly shown through market research data, however we feel it was ignored and the market change adverse. Ironically, they failed to anticipate a market entrant could identify and achieve a competitive advantage through customer-focused innovation. Daewoo’s successful launch strategy taught the market a bitter lesson. 2.4 Sustainable competitive advantage Daewoo has achieved its aim of gaining circa 1% share of the UK new car market. A challenge the company now faces is to sustain this position and improve it further in the future. As highlighted in 2.1, it can be argued that Daewoo’s competitive advantage is not sustainable. It could, therefore, be easily imitated by competitors, substituted by rivals’ offerings and as a result lose their rarity and be less valued by customers in the longer-term (Barney, 1991; Srivastava et al, 2001; Kotler et al, 2009). In order to avoid such a fate, the company should undertake a number of steps. Firstly, it should improve the quality of cars to be able to compete more effectively with competitors when they inevitably counter act Daewoo’s strategy. High quality cars combined with the brand’s positive image and reputation gained during the launch stage will help to retain customers. Secondly, it should conduct market research regularly to collect information about customers’ needs. This will ensure the company will continue tailoring its products and services to meet these needs better than competitors. Moreover, the company should continue innovating customer services to endure a competitive advantage. It should constantly seek new ways for the whole experience of buying a car, so that it can offer something else when competitors copy its current innovations. For example, Daewoo might launch a website where customers are given an option to co-create a car by adding features or add/exclude services. Finally, the company has been emphasising weaknesses of other car makers in its advertising efforts so far. It should start to focus more on its own strengths communicate them in an effective manner. It will be problematic and expensive to attract customers and raise awareness with the current advertising when competitors improve their services. It is important to bear in mind that it will take some time for competitors to match Daewoo’s critical success factors as they might need to go through cultural, structural and operational changes (Woodruff, 1997). Daewoo has an invaluable opportunity now to build further on its existing capabilities to sustain its market position and become a stronger competitor in the future. 2.5 Other sector options  Customers today are strongly value oriented. Knowing where value resides from the standpoint of the customer has become extremely critical for managers, because greater levels of customer satisfaction lead to greater levels of customer loyalty and retention, positive word-of-mouth, a stronger competitive position and ultimately, higher market share (Kotler et al, 2009). Daewoo attacked an industry as competitive as the car sector through a value and customer service strategy. Successful companies manage to invert the traditional organisation chart by placing customers at the top of the pyramid as opposed to managers who believe that the customer is the company’s only true profit centre (Kotler et al, 2009). Customer-centred companies such as Amazon.com are in a strong position to identify new opportunities and set a course that promises to deliver long term profits due to its customer orientation (Kotler et al, 2009). A firm can achieve competitive advantage in other industries such as travel, banking, insurance, airlines, retail and fast moving consumer goods by employing a customer-focused strategy. The illustration of how Southwest Airlines achieved a distinct advantage in an extremely competitive industry such as the airline industry by focusing on delivering higher customer value bears testimony to this. Customers place high value on Southwest’s frequent departures, on-time service, friendly employees and very low fares (Heskett et al, 1994). However, it is imperative to understand the fact that not all firms are able to achieve a competitive advantage through superior customer service (Lambin, 2007). A company should have the internal capabilities and resources to adapt to ever changing customer needs. The service level provided must also be appropriate to the target market in order to exceed customer expectations. 2.6 Brand extension Marketers must judge each potential brand extension by how effectively it leverages and contributes to brand equity. With the right product ‘fit’, the customer’s perception of the parent brand can reduce perceived risk within numerous consumer or B2B decision making processes (Kotler, 2009, Webster, 1991). The Daewoo brand has become synonymous with exceeding customer expectations. This creates numerous brand extension opportunities. As in 2.5, Daewoo should however ensure that this is related to their core competencies to maximize the likelihood of success. We feel that an ideal opportunity comes in the form of extending the Daewoo brand to the commercial vehicle segment. This would not require the company to re-plan their entire marketing strategy as this would hold true for targeting small to medium business (SMB’s) markets as well as consumer. Furthermore, Daewoo would be able to leverage their partnership with GM to reduce research and development costs by re-branding other Vauxhall/Opel models such as the ‘Corsa’ van. An increasingly diversified, yet viable option would be to extend the Daewoo brand to motorcycles. This would again enable the company to leverage its brand equity and distribution networks; however the product and market is outside their existing knowledge base. In order to overcome this lack of knowledge and competence, we would recommend that Daewoo follow a similar alliance strategy that they previously adopted with GM with a leading motorcycle manufacturer. Although this is likely to ensure that the core product will be of a high quality, Daewoo must be mindful of the fact that their existing staff will require extensive product training maintain service levels. The final and most diversified brand extension would to utilize Daewoo’s brand equity within the Financial Services sector (motor insurance). As with the motorcycle market however, Daewoo do not currently have the knowledge or resources to compete in the market. In this instance, we would recommend Daewoo to operate a franchise partnership with a suitable insurance provider. As stated above, it is however imperative that Daewoo ensure that both the core and augmented product fit with their brand. 3. Conclusions  Concluding on our evaluation of the 1995 launch of the Daewoo automotive brand into the UK market, it is clear that it was a success. The company capitalized on a weakness in the market by leveraging their knowledge base and extensive resources to provide exceptional customer service. Sceptical views of the strategies longevity are however justified. The innovative distribution strategy adopted requires additional expenditure and the company’s aggressive marketing activity will again affect the bottom line. It is clear that in order to remain stable in the market and maintain a sustainable competitive advantage, the company must continue to understand and satisfy the needs and wants of the customer. Although brand extensions offer a lucrative growth opportunity, the company must not allow this to detract from their main competency- customer satisfaction. With regards to the market environment, Daewoo’s competitors have no one to blame but themselves. Regardless of this, they must adopt effective defence strategies to match and exceed Daewoo’s market offering in order to protect their market share from further depletion. Furthermore, to pre-empt and lead the next major development in customer satisfaction will be imperative to long term success.